Émile Durkheim and the Collective Consciousness of Society: A Study in Criminology by Kenneth Smith (Farsi)

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Émile Durkheim and the Collective Consciousness of Society: A Study in Criminology by Kenneth Smith is a rigorous sociological examination of three major political and economic ideologies that have shaped human history. Drawing on concepts such as social cohesion, collective conscience, and anomie, Durkheim critically analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, and social consequences of communism, socialism, and Marxism. The book explores their historical and philosophical roots, introduces key thinkers including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Robert Owen, and explains foundational concepts such as class struggle, communal ownership, and classless society. Durkheim also distinguishes among various forms of socialism—utopian, scientific, and democratic—providing a framework for readers to understand, compare, and critically evaluate these ideologies and their impact on social structures, culture, and individual life.